Cyberbullying Case Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1013 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Bullying Essay Cyber Bullying Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The article explores the association between the involvement in traditional, cyber forms or bullying, and internalizing difficulties/ challenges. It explores many forms of victimization and aggression which are most detrimental, the traditional form of bullying or cyber bullying. It also explores which of the two has the most negative impact from bullies, victims, and bully-victims. The article investigates the association between the involvement in cyberbullying, more traditional form of bullying being either the victim of a bully and the depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation. Methods The methodology used in the article was the three self-report, paper and pencil measures were completed by participants. The three measures, tapping involvement in bullying, depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation. The rates of completion of all measures were found with less than .25 % of the data in total missing and 3 % of any variable having missing data. Given the low amount of missing data, the variable mean was used for imputation purposes (Tabachnick and Fidell 2001). The study sample consisted of 399 students ranging from 8-10th grade enrolled in an urban high school in southern British Columbia and out of the 399 students 228 were female and 171 were male. Students who participated in the study were predominantly Asian Canadian and most cane from an intact family and 15 percent of participants came from a single parent home. Participants received parental consent along with their agreement to participate in the study. Upon the researchers gained approval from the ins titutional review board and the school board research committee. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cyberbullying Case Study" essay for you Create order Participants were then recruited to participate in a single group testing session lasting 50-60 minutes. After this, 48 of the participants responses indicated severe depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Those students were offered support from their high school counselors, and all participants were given youth crisis hotlines, and other mental health resources available to them. Participants experiences with bullying, as either a perpetrator or victim, were evaluated using a 10-item self-report measure adapted (in consultation with local school staff) from self-report measures originally developed by Olweus (1993). Students were given definitions of physical bullying such as someone hitting, shoving, kicking, spitting or beating up others and electronic bullying with examples such as using a computer, email, text messages, or pictures to threaten or hurt someone’s feelings, single out, embarrass, or make someone look bad, spread rumors or reveal secrets about someone. S tudents were asked to indicate how often they have taken part in bullying in the past year on a 5-point scale. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff 1977) was used to assess symptoms of depression. This 20-item scale was developed to assess levels of depressive symptomatology and has been used extensively in previous research with both normative and clinical adolescent samples (Prinstein et al. 2001; Roberts et al. 1990), with good internal consistency (? range = .87–.92 across studies). Participants were asked to respond to a list of statements indicating some of the ways they have felt and/ or behaved in the last week. To capture variations in the complexity and severity of suicidal thoughts among victimized youth, the present study used the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire—JR (Reynolds 1987) to assess student’s thoughts about suicide over the past month. The SIQ-JR is a 15-item measure developed for use with adolescents in grades 7–9, although it may be used with older adolescents (Reynolds and Mazza 1994). Participants were asked to complete a survey, and students were asked to indicate how many times they have had felt like they wanted to kill themselves and how many times they thought killing themselves would solve a problem. The responses on the survey ranged from 0-6, 0 being never and 6 almost being every day. Results After researchers explored the relationship between cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties, the results indicate that cyber victimization and cyberbullying contribute to depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation that is accounted for by gender and traditional forms of victimization and bullying. In a related stud, it was found that the (Klomek et al. 2008; Smith et al. 2008; Williams and Guerra 2007), involvement in cyber bullying was found to be less frequent than other forms of bullying. A unique association has been found between internalizing problems and involvement in traditional forms of bullying (being involvement as a physical bully). Involvement in bullying is only one of the many factors contributing to depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Conclusion I feel as though surveys aren’t a good way of getting a true representation for what your researching because some people feel compelled to give the answer they think the researchers are looking for. Although the study used surveys, it was a good article, it opened my eyes and educated me more on bullying and what factors play into bullying. In class we talked about the fake news surrounding the 2016 presidential election and it ties to cyber bullying because the presidential candidates were basically cyberbullied by those fake news stories published all over the web about them. It also ties into media literacy and how we need to educate ourselves on how to properly discern information from being real or fake and question authority instead of liking and sharing. It ties into cyber bullying because children and teens who are bullying others through the internet are posting things online about the victims and other fellow children and teens are sharing it without a doubt. I feel as though if kids were educated on media literacy it can help cyberbullying because they would stop and question whose spreading this information etc. and in hopes encourage others not to share the misinformation about classmates aimed to intentionally hurt them. Media literacy can’t stop cyberbullying, but there is a possibility it can help in the sense of reporting people’s profiles who are posting nasty things about fellow classmates and today we can post all sorts of blogs about people and get it shared. The spread of misinformation is everywhere, I love that the article discussed depression and suicide because they can play a huge role in bullying and the rates have increased in my opinion based off what I see in schools and my own personal experience with bullying.

The Civilizations Of Ancient Civilization - 1178 Words

Civilization, derived from the latin word â€Å"civis† meaning â€Å"citizen†, or simply someone who lives in a city. However, what is the difference between a group of people who live in a town and our modern concept of civilization. To find the answer to that question we can turn to the civilizations of ancient times. The beginning of civilization as we know it began in the Neolithic era. This era began with a very distinct change to the way of life, from the old way of migrating constantly to wherever the food roams to settling down in one area and growing food to sustain oneself. Yet, the first civilizations were more than just people who stayed in the same place, grew their own food, and relied on water and shelter. They had something that made them standout from the people around them. Each ancient civilization had different values and cultures that led to the diverse institutions founded by these ancient civilizations. The first ancient civilization of the Neolit hic era is that of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia comes from the greek words â€Å"meso†, in between, and â€Å"potami† meaning river. This refers to the location of the region of Mesopotamia which lies between the Tigress and Euphrates Rivers. The first urban society of Mesopotamia is Sumer. One value of Sumer and of Mesopotamia is the love of religion and the beliefs in their gods. Religion plays a huge role in the values of the Sumerians as each large settlement has a temple where a priestly class acts as managers. Worship held aShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilization Of Ancient Civilizations2605 Words   |  11 Pagesevent or celebrate or revere a person or God. Mayan stelae monuments are monuments that were fashioned by the Maya civilization of ancient Mesoamerica. 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Strategic Cost Reduction and Revelation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Cost Reduction and Revelation. Answer: Introduction In the reported study, the economic benefits and costs associated with the City of Gold Coast hosting the Commonwealth Game 2018 in Australia have been discussed. Precisely, the 11-day long international mega sports event is claimed to be the largest sporting event in Australia in this decade (Beattie, 2016). Without a doubt, the spectacular sports event to be held in the city of Gold Coast, Queensland will create a substantial impact on the economic side of Gold Coast both in a negative as well as positive way. The report has been aimed to deliver a brief description of the international sporting event. Furthermore, the reported study will deliberately focus on the economic benefits such as employment, social growth opportunities, and increased tourism business in the City of Gold Coast due to the mega event. In addition, the incurred economic costs i.e. negative externalities to be faced by the City of Gold Coast due to the event have also been discussed providing evidence. Lastly, an analysis has been presented to identify whether the economic benefits outweigh the economic costs or vice-versa considering supporting reasons. Meanwhile, by understanding the cost-benefit analysis of the mega event in the City of Gold Coast, the influence of the CG 2018 on the economy of the city can be determined. Brief Description of the event The Commonwealth Game 2018 will be hosted by the City of Gold Coast, Brisbane, Townsville, and Cairns starting from April 4, 2018. Evidently, the twenty-first CG 2018 will be the largest multi-sport event in Australia (Business.qld.gov.au, 2017). In the meanwhile, for the first time, the country is going to host the mega event in a regional city. Such world-class sporting event partnering the Government of Australia, Gold Coast City, Queensland Government, and the Gold Coast Commonwealth Games Corporation will be organised for the first time in the country in the current decade. However, the large-scale Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Game will offer once-in-a-generation opportunities to the social population living in the target area. According to the estimated statistics, the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Game will be visited by around 100,000 visitors coming from all across the globe including domestic spectators. Apart from the visiting population, 6,600 athletes and officials for international teams coming from 70 nations will attend the mega event. Precisely, to volunteer the spectacular mega event, over 15,000 sports volunteers will be recruited (Bell, 2015). Worldwide the CG2018 will be viewed by 1.5 million TV audiences whereas the event will attract 1.5 million sport-loving spectators in the venues of the event. Since 2006, Australia has never experienced such an international mega-event hosting athletes coming from 70 countries. Clearly, the infrastructure provided to the sportsmen in the games village must be a focal point. Hence, the trade partners of the event will be expected to invest massive capital for successfully completing the multi-sport event. In terms of economic benefits, the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games has already brought significant economic benefits to the target region. Due to the mega-event, the City of Gold Coast has already signed a contract with the Papua New Guinea Government that will increase the trade of the region with the country. Evidently, such foreign partnership will foster significant economic growth in the upcoming years. In order to accommodate the visiting team members, officials, and international sport media, the City of Gold Coast needs to deliver proper infrastructure (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au, 2017). Therefore, a huge amount of money invested by the partners of the CG2018 will be utilised to restructure the infrastructure of the games village. Furthermore, such infrastructural development will create job opportunities for the people living in the target area. Apart from the employment of the social community, to organise the CG2018, 15,000 sports volunteers will be hired. Therefore, the loca l employment statistics will be boosted. Clearly, the investment by the partners as well as Australian government will deliver positive externalities as social population of the City of Gold Coast will be directly benefited (Bhaskar and Sadler, 2016). The government investment to develop infrastructure will be utilised to expand public goods such as stadium, roads, and transportation system. Clearly, the investment of the Australian government will generate considerable positive externalities in the City of Gold Coast. By developing infrastructure for the CG2018, positive production externality takes place as the third party i.e. social people benefits from the development. As shown in the above figure, the marginal social cost (MSC) is lower than the marginal production cost (MPC). Therefore, it marks positive externalities. However, at point Q1, the social efficiency is achieved where marginal social cost is equal to marginal social benefit. Economic Cost to be incurred by Gold Coast In order to understand the economic cost of the largest sports event in the decade, it is important to consider the opportunity cost that is to be incurred by the local, state and national government to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Additionally, the externalities that will be caused by the event must also be considered to analyse the opportunity cost that the Gold Coast Government has to incur for hosting such as large event (Jin, 2011). For instance, it is expected that the event will cost the Queenslander tax payers around $300,000 per athlete for hosting the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The event will be hosted for 12 days and 6500 athletes will compete in the event, which is budgeted to cost around $2 billion (Stolz, 2012). Moreover, the government needs to incur a cost of around $1.075 billion to run the event and more $917 million to spent as a capital investment that include the Games Village of $640 million and other sporting facilities (Stolz, 2012). Hence, the total estima ted cost of conducting the event is forecasted to be more than $2 billion, which will lead Queensland to a debt higher than any other states in Australia. Furthermore, it is expected that the forecasted construction activity for the development of the infrastructure will lead the systems to be strained to the breaking point that will result in a negative publicity of the Gold Coast region over the global platform. Moreover, the residents living in the region will be highly affected by the new construction project and influx of tourist during the event. Additionally, the construction work and the event will restrict the ease of movement of the local residents that will result in a reduction in the workers productivity. On the other hand, the game village built for the event will be of no use after the completion of the event. In other words, the huge expenditure incurred for building the game village will go to vein after the completion of the 2018 Commonwealth Games (Berg, 2011). The village will use as a attraction for tourists, which will not provide much benefit to the tourism industry of the Gold Coast as compared to its costs. How ever, in terms of environment, the event will cause several serious externalities such as degradation of soil that will occur due to the construction work in the coastline area, noise pollution during the event and air pollution (Cost-Benefit Analysis of The GC2018 Commonwealth Games, 2016). Hence, it can be seen that the 2018 Commonwealth Games will lead to several negative externalities that will increase the marginal social costs over marginal production cost. A diagram has been presented herein below for better understanding: It can be seen from the above figure that some of the activities of Commonwealth Games will lead to a higher quantity of production at Q, where the MSC is higher than MPC = MSB (Batabyal and Nijkamp, 2014). Hence, the event makes the Gold Coast Government incur several external costs that cannot be estimated in terms of money such as problems for the local residents, soil degradation, air pollution and noise pollution. Cost-benefit analysis It is important to note that the event of 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast region will have several benefits as well as cost for the economy. However, the benefits provided by the event will overrule the costs. For instance, soil degradation can be overcome by beautification of the region through better infrastructure (Mhlmeier, Rusinowska and Tanimura, 2013). Additionally, the problems of air and noise pollution can be solved with proper monitoring of the issues and implementation of better environmental policy during and after the event. Furthermore, the restrictions created for the local residents before and during the event can be overruled by providing 30000 permanent jobs and better security through CCTV surveillance (Cost-Benefit Analysis of The GC2018 Commonwealth Games, 2016). Moreover, the cost of $2 billion invested in the project can be earned back as a better return through the promotion of tourism in the region during and after the event (Cost-Benefit Analysis of T he GC2018 Commonwealth Games, 2016). The infrastructural development for the project will help the Gold Coast to attract more visitors after the event. Additionally, the commercial benefits earned by the event through sponsorship and advertisement will also help the Gold Coast Government to earn high revenue. Hence, it can be seen that the economic benefits of the 2018 Commonwealth Games overrules the economic costs that are incurred by the Gold Coast region. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, it can be seen that the upcoming event of 2018 Commonwealth Games has certain economic benefit as well as cost for the Gold Coast region. The arrangements made for the largest event in the decade will improve the infrastructure of the region and provide 30000 permanent jobs to the residents. On the other hand, the cost of negative externalities caused in the form of soil degradation, air pollution and noise pollution cannot be estimated in the term of monetary losses. However, the economic benefits for Gold Coast are expected to be more than the economic costs if the activities are conducted in a controlled manner. Conclusively, the economic costs incurred by Gold Coast to conduct the 2018 Commonwealth Games is lesser than the economic benefits that the region will received in the upcoming years. References Batabyal, A. and Nijkamp, P. (2014). Positive and Negative Externalities in Innovation, Trade, and Regional Economic Growth.Geographical Analysis, 46(1), pp.1-17. Beattie, P. (2016).Commonwealth Games bring spotlight to Queensland. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/peter-beattie-the-commonwealth-games-will-be-huge-for-queensland-20160530-gp7lhs.html [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Bell, A. (2015).How are the Commonwealth Games already boosting the Gold Coast economy?. [online] The Ray White Surfers Paradise Group. Available at: https://www.rwsp.net/news/how-are-the-commonwealth-games-already-boosting-the-gold-coast-economy [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Berg, C. (2011). Commonwealth Games bad news for the Gold Coast. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-16/berg---commonwealth-games-bad-news-for-the-gold-coast/3668140 [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Bhaskar, D. and Sadler, E. (2016). Resource Allocation with Positive Externalities.SSRN Electronic Journal. Business.qld.gov.au. (2017).Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games. [online] Available at: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/commonwealth-games/about [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Cost-Benefit Analysis of The GC2018 Commonwealth Games. (2016). Gold Coast City Council, pp.1-12. Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. (2017).City of Gold Coast GC2018 benefits. [online] Available at: https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/thegoldcoast/commonwealth-games-benefits-24257.html [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Jin, J. (2011). Strategic Cost Reduction and Cost Revelation.German Economic Review, 2(2), pp.99-111. Mhlmeier, P., Rusinowska, A. and Tanimura, E. (2013). A Degree-Distance-Based Connections Model with Negative and Positive Externalities.SSRN Electronic Journal. Stolz, G. (2012). Games bill is $300k for every athlete. [online] Couriermail.com.au. Available at: https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/taxpayers-to-foot-mammoth-games-bill/news-story/029b859f2ecea59d377320e5b42db539?sv=1741a79750b96632a02515eba9d5bb54 [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Taylor, T., Stonebarger, T. and Leven, J. (2015).Economics. 3rd ed. Chantilly, VA: Teaching Co.